Introduction: Why Become a U.S. Citizen?
Becoming a U.S. citizen is a life-changing milestone for many immigrants. If you already hold a green card, naturalization allows you to gain full rights as a U.S. citizen — including voting, obtaining a U.S. passport, and petitioning more family members.
This guide provides a complete and up-to-date overview of the naturalization process for 2026, covering eligibility, application steps, preparation tips, and what to expect at each stage.
Whether you’re just starting your journey or preparing for your citizenship interview, this guide breaks down everything you need to know to become a U.S. citizen successfully.
Effective Dec. 12, 2022, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) is updating the USCIS Policy Manual to allow USCIS to automatically extend the validity of Permanent Resident Cards (commonly called Green Cards) for lawful permanent residents who have applied for naturalization. Source: USCIS
What Is Naturalization?
Naturalization is the legal process by which a lawful permanent resident (green card holder) becomes a U.S. citizen. Once you take the Oath of Allegiance at a USCIS ceremony, you officially become a citizen of the United States.
Who qualifies for naturalization?
In general, immigrants who have held a green card for at least 5 years (or 3 years if married to a U.S. citizen) and meet residency, character, and test requirements may apply.
Unlike permanent residence, U.S. citizenship does not expire and offers the highest level of protection under U.S. law. Many green card holders choose naturalization to secure their future, gain voting rights, and sponsor more family members.
Eligibility Requirements for Naturalization in 2026
Basic Eligibility Requirements
Before applying for citizenship, you must meet certain eligibility criteria. These requirements help USCIS determine if you qualify for naturalization. Study the complete eligibility requirements for U.S. citizens from our comprehensive guide.
- Age: You must be at least 18 years old at the time of filing Form N-400.
- Permanent Resident Status: You need to have been a lawful permanent resident (green card holder) for at least 5 years. If you obtained your green card through marriage to a U.S. citizen, you may qualify after 3 years.
- Continuous Residence: Maintain continuous residence in the U.S. for the required period (3 or 5 years) before applying.
- Physical Presence: Be physically present in the U.S. for at least half of the required residence time. (30 months out of 5 years (or 18 months out of 3))
- Good Moral Character: Demonstrate good moral character generally for 5 years prior and until the oath ceremony.
- English and Civics: Show basic proficiency in English and knowledge of U.S. government and history, with some exceptions.
- State Residency: Must live in the USCIS district for 3 months
- Selective Service: Required for certain male applicants
- Exceptions: Certain applicants may qualify for exceptions due to disability, age, or military service.
English & Civics Test Exemptions
Some applicants do not have to take the English test if they:
- Are 50 years or older and lived in the U.S. as a green card holder for 20 years, or
- Are 55 years or older with 15 years of permanent residence
They must still take the civics test in their native language. Learn more about the U.S. citizenship test from our detailed guide.
Special Naturalization Categories
You may qualify under special rules if you apply as:
- The spouse of a U.S. citizen
- A refugee or asylee
- A member of the U.S. military
- A long-term resident applying under early filing rules
These applicants may have shorter residency requirements or special protections. Check Your Citizenship Eligibility in 60 Seconds.
Documents Required for Naturalization
You must submit proof that you meet all eligibility rules. Commonly required documents include:
- Copy of your Green Card (front & back)
- Passport and complete travel history
- Tax returns
- Marriage certificate, divorce decree, or adoption papers
- Court records (if you were ever arrested)
- Selective Service proof (if applicable)
Explore the complete list of documents required to apply for U.S. citizenship in our detailed guide.
If You Want to Change Your Name
If you plan to change your name during naturalization, your new legal name will appear on your Certificate of Naturalization. Additional court processing may be required.
Steps To Become a Naturalized Citizen
Step 1: Prepare Your Application (Form N-400)
The application for naturalization is made by submitting Form N-400 to USCIS.
- Get Form N-400: Download official forms from the USCIS website.
- Documents Needed: Include a photocopy of your green card, identification, marriage certificate (if applicable), and proof of continuous residence.
- Filling the Form: Complete the form carefully, double-checking all personal details and background questions. Learn how to fill out and complete Form N-400 from our guide.
- Common Mistakes: Avoid errors such as missing signatures, incorrect dates, or incomplete information to prevent delays.
- Filing Fees: The total fee for N-400 in 2026 is $760 (paper filing), $710 (online filing) (subject to change). Fee waivers may be available if you meet income guidelines. Learn more about the fee details for U.S. citizenship from our guide.
Becoming a naturalized citizen is a great idea for most on the proper visa, and by following the steps we will list below, you will have a good chance at becoming a naturalized citizen.
Step 2: Submit Your Form N-400
You can file your Form N-400 either online through the USCIS website or by mailing a paper application.
- Online Filing: This is faster and allows you to track your case electronically.
- Mail Filing: Follow instructions carefully to send the application to the correct USCIS lockbox.
- After Submission: USCIS will send a receipt notice confirming your application was received.
- Processing Times: As of 2026, average processing times for N-400 vary by location but typically range from 8 to 12 months.
- Check Status: Use the USCIS website or app to monitor your case progress anytime.
Step 3: Attend the Biometrics Appointment
Once USCIS processes your application, they will send you a biometrics appointment notice.
- What to Expect: At the appointment, USCIS will collect your fingerprints, photo, and signature. This helps conduct background and security checks.
- Location: Usually held at a local USCIS Application Support Center (ASC).
- Preparation: Bring the appointment notice and a valid photo ID.
- Rescheduling: If you cannot attend, notify USCIS before the appointment to reschedule; missing the appointment can delay your case.
Step 4: Prepare for the Naturalization Interview
The naturalization interview is a crucial step where a USCIS officer reviews your application and tests your English and civics knowledge.
- Interview Notice: USCIS will mail you an interview appointment letter with the date, time, and location.
- English Test: Includes reading, writing, and speaking components. Practice common questions and vocabulary.
- Civics Test: Covers U.S. history and government. Applicants need to answer correctly on 12 out of 20 questions.
- Study Resources: USCIS offers free study guides, apps, and practice tests online.
- Accommodations: Applicants with disabilities or those over a certain age may qualify for testing exceptions or alternative arrangements.
Step 5: Attend the Naturalization Interview
- What to Bring: Interview notice, your green card, passport(s), state-issued ID or driver’s license, and any additional documents USCIS requested.
- Interview Process: The officer will ask about your background, application details, and test your English and civics knowledge.
- After the Interview: The officer may approve your application at the interview or request additional documents before making a decision.
- Possible Outcomes: Approval, request for further evidence, or denial.
Step 6: Receive a Decision from USCIS
After your interview, USCIS will notify you of its decision.
- Approval: You will receive a notice of the date and time for your Oath of Allegiance ceremony.
- Denial: USCIS will explain the reasons. You might appeal, reapply, or file a motion depending on your case.
- Request for Evidence (RFE): You must respond promptly with the documents USCIS requests.
Step 7: Take the Oath of Allegiance
Once your application is approved, you will be scheduled for a naturalization ceremony.
- Oath Ceremony: This is the final step where you pledge allegiance to the United States, officially becoming a U.S. citizen.
- What to Bring: Notice of the ceremony, your Permanent Resident Card (green card), and any documents specified in your appointment notice.
- Ceremony Details: You’ll recite the Oath of Allegiance, receive your Certificate of Naturalization, and can often register to vote at the event.
- Celebration: Many ceremonies include patriotic music, guest speakers, and an opportunity to celebrate your achievement with family.
After Naturalization: Your New Rights and Responsibilities
- U.S. Passport: Apply for a U.S. passport, which allows international travel with ease and provides proof of citizenship.
- Voting: Register to vote and participate fully in U.S. elections.
- Federal Jobs: You become eligible for many government jobs and benefits restricted to citizens.
- Jury Duty: You may be called to fulfill jury service, an important civic duty.
- Maintaining Citizenship: Citizenship is permanent unless renounced voluntarily or revoked under rare circumstances.
Processing Time & Costs (2026)
Naturalization does not follow a fixed timeline. Most applicants receive a final decision within 8 to 14 months, depending on local USCIS backlogs.
Estimated Costs
| Expense | Typical Cost |
|---|---|
| Form N-400 Filing Fee | $760 (paper filing), $710 (online filing) |
| Biometrics Fee | Certain Cases need to pay |
| Fee Waiver | Available for low-income applicants |
View the total cost of becoming a U.S. citizen and the latest N-400 processing time in our detailed guide.
Common Mistakes That Lead to Delays or Denials
Many applications are delayed or denied due to avoidable errors:
- Forgetting travel dates
- Giving incorrect address history
- Not reporting previous arrests
- Missing tax filings
- Failing to prove continuous residence
- Selective Service violations
Conclusion
Becoming a naturalized U.S. citizen is a rewarding process that opens doors to full participation in American life. By understanding eligibility requirements, preparing your application carefully, and following each step, you increase your chances of a smooth and successful naturalization in 2026.
Stay organized, use official USCIS resources, and consider professional legal support when needed to guide you through your citizenship journey.
