Introduction to U.S. Citizenship
US citizenship means being a legal member of the United States. Citizens enjoy special rights and responsibilities that permanent residents do not, including the right to vote, access to US passports, protection by the US government abroad, and the ability to sponsor family members for permanent residency.
Citizenship is most commonly obtained through naturalization for permanent residents. Becoming a US citizen gives you full participation in American life and opens doors for personal, civic, and professional growth.
If you are a permanent resident and want to learn how to apply, see our Apply for Citizenship guide.
Pathways to Citizenship
There are several ways to become a US citizen. Each pathway has its own requirements, advantages, and considerations.
Citizenship at birth
Anyone born in the United States or its territories automatically becomes a US citizen. This principle is called jus soli or “right of the soil.” For a detailed understanding, read our guide on Birthright Citizenship. Children born abroad to US citizen parents may also qualify under certain conditions, known as citizenship by acquisition.
- Example: If both parents are US citizens and at least one has lived in the US before the child’s birth, the child may automatically acquire US citizenship.
Citizenship by Acquisition
Some children automatically acquire US citizenship at birth if one or both parents are US citizens. This often applies to children born abroad. Acquisition rules depend on the parents’ residency history and marital status.
Citizenship by Naturalization
Naturalization is the most common path for permanent residents (green card holders). Applicants must meet eligibility requirements, complete Form N-400, attend a biometrics appointment, complete an interview, pass English and civics tests, and take the Oath of Allegiance.
Citizenship by Derivation
Children can derive citizenship through parents who naturalize or meet specific conditions. This usually applies when the child is under 18 and the parent becomes a citizen. You can learn more from our comprehensive guide on Derivative Citizenship.
Key Benefits, Rights, and Responsibilities of U.S. Citizenship
Becoming a US citizen offers significant advantages. While this is just an overview, you can learn more in our Benefits of US Citizenship guide.
As a U.S. citizen, you can:
- Vote in federal, state, and local elections.
- Travel abroad with a U.S. passport, often without needing a visa.
- Apply for federal jobs reserved for citizens.
- Sponsor family members for green cards more easily.
- Access government scholarships and benefits for which only citizens qualify.
At the same time, you must:
- Pay taxes.
- Serve on a jury if called.
- Obey U.S. laws and support the Constitution.
- Register for the Selective Service if you are a male aged 18–25.
Main Eligibility Requirements for Citizenship
Before applying for naturalization, applicants must meet general and sometimes special eligibility criteria.
General Requirements
- Age: Must be at least 18 years old.
- Residency: Continuous residence and physical presence in the US for a required period (usually five years, or three years if married to a US citizen).
- Good Moral Character: No serious criminal record or immigration violations.
- English and Civics Knowledge: Must demonstrate ability to read, write, speak English, and pass a civics test about US history and government.
Special Eligibility Cases
- Military Members: May qualify for expedited naturalization.
- Refugees and Asylees: Eligible after one year of permanent residency.
- Children Deriving Citizenship: Must meet criteria based on parents’ naturalization status.
Proving U.S. Citizenship
Once you become a US citizen, proof of status is often required for travel, employment, or other legal matters.
Common Documents
- Naturalization Certificate: Primary proof of citizenship for individuals who completed the naturalization process. Learn what it includes, how to replace it, and when it’s required.
- US Passport: Serves as proof for travel and identification for U.S. citizens.
- Certificate of Citizenship: Issued to children who automatically acquire or derive citizenship through their parents. It confirms citizenship without going through the naturalization process.
Tip: Always keep these documents safe and accessible for legal or immigration purposes.
Overview of the Naturalization Process
The naturalization process is straightforward but requires careful preparation. Each step plays an important role in becoming a U.S. citizen.
Step 1: Submit Form N-400
Complete the application, gather required documents, and submit to USCIS. For detailed instructions on how to fill out and file your application, see our N-400 Instructions guide.
Step 2: Biometrics Appointment
After USCIS receives your application, you’ll be scheduled for fingerprinting and background checks. Learn what to expect and how to prepare in our Biometrics Appointment guide.
Step 3: Interview and Civics Test
A USCIS officer will review your application, ask questions about your background, and test your English and knowledge of U.S. history and government. Get tips to prepare in our Citizenship Interview guide and USCIS Citizenship Test guide.
Step 4: Oath of Allegiance
Taking the oath is the final step to officially become a U.S. citizen. Read more about the ceremony and its importance in our Oath of Allegiance guide.
Dual Citizenship and Renunciation
Some US citizens hold citizenship in more than one country. The US allows dual citizenship, but other countries may have restrictions.
Renunciation of Citizenship
Renouncing US citizenship is permanent and should only be done after careful consideration. Reasons include personal, legal, or financial factors.
Tip: Consult immigration experts before renouncing citizenship.
FAQs on US Citizenship
1. How can I start my US citizenship application?
Check your eligibility, gather the required documents, and submit Form N-400 to USCIS. You can also seek expert help or apply online through trusted services.
2. Can refugees or asylees apply for US citizenship?
Yes. Refugees and asylees can generally apply for naturalization after one year of permanent residency in the US.
3. Can I have dual citizenship as a US citizen?
Yes, the US allows dual citizenship. However, other countries may have restrictions or specific requirements, so always check the laws of your other country of citizenship.
4. How long does the naturalization process take?
Processing times vary by USCIS office and applicant, but generally take 12–18 months from application submission to taking the Oath of Allegiance. You can check current estimates in our detailed guide on N-400 Processing Time to understand the average wait and what factors may affect it.
Take Action to Become U.S. Citizen
Becoming a US citizen is a meaningful step toward building a permanent future in the United States. It offers security, opportunities, and the right to fully participate in civic life. Whether you qualify by birth, naturalization, or derivation, understanding the process helps you prepare with confidence.
Ready to start your journey to US citizenship? Check your eligibility today and begin your application process.
