Introduction
The United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) is the federal agency responsible for overseeing lawful immigration to the United States. Whether you are applying for a green card, citizenship, or work authorization, USCIS plays a vital role in your immigration journey.
Understanding USCIS is essential for anyone navigating the U.S. immigration system. Immigrants, visa holders, employers, and even U.S. citizens depend on USCIS to process applications, verify eligibility, and uphold the integrity of immigration benefits.
In this article, you’ll learn:
- What USCIS is and how it was formed
- Its main roles and responsibilities
- The difference between USCIS and other immigration agencies
- Key USCIS forms and how to interact with the agency effectively
What Is USCIS? (Definition & History)
USCIS stands for United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, a component of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). It was created in 2003 after the former Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) was dissolved.
Before 2003, the INS managed all aspects of immigration—enforcement, services, and border control. After the Homeland Security Act of 2002, these duties were divided into three separate agencies:
- USCIS – Handles immigration benefits and services
- ICE (Immigration and Customs Enforcement) – Handles immigration enforcement
- CBP (Customs and Border Protection) – Manages border and port security
USCIS was established to focus exclusively on immigration benefits and services, ensuring efficiency, security, and fairness in processing millions of applications each year. (Source: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services – Wikipedia)
Core Roles and Functions of USCIS
USCIS’s primary mission is to administer the nation’s lawful immigration system. Below are its major responsibilities:
Immigration Benefits and Services
USCIS reviews and approves applications for immigration benefits such as green cards, visas, and naturalization. It ensures each case meets eligibility requirements under U.S. immigration law.
Naturalization and Citizenship
The agency manages the Form N-400 (Application for Naturalization) process, interviews applicants, and conducts the Oath of Allegiance ceremony for new citizens.
Green Card / Adjustment of Status
Through Form I-485, USCIS allows eligible immigrants already in the U.S. to adjust their status and become lawful permanent residents.
Employment Authorization (EAD)
USCIS issues Employment Authorization Documents to noncitizens who are allowed to work temporarily in the U.S., such as asylum seekers or applicants awaiting a green card.
Asylum and Refugee Processing
USCIS processes asylum claims filed by people already in the U.S. and helps resettle refugees referred from abroad through the Refugee Admissions Program.
Petition Adjudication
It reviews family-based petitions (Form I-130) and employment-based petitions (Form I-140) to verify relationships or job offers are legitimate.
Biometrics, Background Checks, and Interviews
Applicants often provide fingerprints, photos, and signatures at Application Support Centers (ASCs) for identity verification and security screening.
Record Keeping and Data
USCIS maintains detailed immigration records and databases that support lawful immigration, security vetting, and eligibility verification.
Customer Service and Case Management
Through the myUSCIS online portal and USCIS Contact Center, applicants can track case progress, upload evidence, and get status updates.
USCIS vs. Other U.S. Immigration Agencies
Many people confuse USCIS with other immigration agencies. Here’s how they differ:
| Agency | Department | Main Function | Relationship to USCIS |
|---|---|---|---|
| USCIS | Department of Homeland Security (DHS) | Processes immigration benefits and applications | Handles lawful immigration benefits |
| ICE | DHS | Enforces immigration laws and removes violators | Focuses on enforcement, not applications |
| CBP | DHS | Manages border security and entry points | Controls entry to the U.S. |
| Department of State (DOS) | Independent | Issues visas through U.S. embassies and consulates abroad | Handles immigration matters outside the U.S. |
In short, USCIS = benefits, ICE = enforcement, and CBP = borders.
Important USCIS Forms and Documents
USCIS manages hundreds of immigration forms, but some are more commonly used. Below are key forms and their purposes:
| Form | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Form I-130 | Petition for Alien Relative — used by U.S. citizens or residents to sponsor family members |
| Form I-485 | Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status (green card application) |
| Form N-400 | Application for Naturalization (U.S. citizenship) |
| Form I-765 | Application for Employment Authorization (EAD/work permit) |
| Form I-90 | Application to Replace Permanent Resident Card (green card renewal) |
| Form I-131 | Application for Travel Document (advance parole, reentry permit) |
USCIS Structure and Offices
USCIS operates through several types of offices across the U.S.:
- Service Centers – Process mailed applications and petitions.
- Field Offices – Conduct green cards and citizenship interviews, and hold oath ceremonies. Check the listed field office.
- Application Support Centers (ASCs) – Collect fingerprints, photos, and signatures for biometrics. Check the details of the application support centers.
You can locate your nearest office by using the USCIS Office Locator tool on the agency’s official website.
How to Interact with USCIS
USCIS offers multiple ways to communicate and manage your immigration case:
- myUSCIS Account – Create an account to submit forms, receive updates, and track your case online.
- Case Status Online – Enter your receipt number to see real-time updates.
- InfoPass Appointments – Schedule an in-person appointment at a field office for case-specific questions.
- USCIS Contact Center – Speak with agents or use virtual tools for assistance.
- Change of Address – Notify USCIS immediately if you move while your case is pending.
Processing Times, Fees, and Delays
Fees
USCIS is primarily funded through application fees rather than tax dollars. Fees vary by form, and some applicants may qualify for a fee waiver (Form I-912). Understand how USCIS filing fees are executed.
Processing Times
Processing times depend on the form type, service center, and application volume. You can check current times on the USCIS Processing Time webpage.
Common Causes of Delays
- Missing or incomplete information
- Requests for Evidence (RFEs)
- Background checks and security screening
- Policy changes or staffing shortages
Integrity, Security, and Fraud Prevention
To protect the U.S. immigration system, USCIS enforces strict integrity measures:
- Background and security checks to confirm applicant identity
- Fraud detection teams to identify false claims or fake documents
- Interviews to verify eligibility and authenticity
- Data protection systems to safeguard personal information
These efforts ensure only qualified applicants receive immigration benefits.
Tips for Applicants / Best Practices
- Complete forms carefully — follow USCIS instructions exactly.
- Submit all required documents — missing evidence causes delays.
- Keep copies of everything you send to USCIS.
- Use certified mail or tracking when sending applications.
- Respond quickly to any USCIS Request for Evidence (RFE).
- Check your case status regularly.
- Avoid scams — only use authorized representatives or attorneys.
FAQs About USCIS
1. What does USCIS do?
USCIS processes immigration applications, grants benefits such as green cards and citizenship, and ensures the integrity of the U.S. immigration system.
2. Is USCIS part of the Department of Homeland Security?
Yes. USCIS operates under the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and was created in 2003 after the INS was dissolved.
3. What’s the difference between USCIS and ICE?
USCIS handles applications and benefits. ICE enforces immigration laws and conducts removals.
4. How long does USCIS processing take?
Processing times vary by form and workload. Check current timelines on the USCIS website.
5. Where do I file USCIS forms?
Filing addresses vary by form type and your location. Always check the instructions on the official USCIS website before mailing your application.
Conclusion
The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) is the cornerstone of America’s immigration system. From processing green cards to conducting citizenship ceremonies, USCIS ensures that the path to living and working in the U.S. is lawful, fair, and transparent.
Understanding how USCIS works — and how to interact with it effectively — helps you avoid delays and navigate your immigration process with confidence.
Need help preparing your USCIS forms? Explore our step-by-step guides for Form N-400, Form I-485, Form I-130, and more.
